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The two discoveries to which the title here refers are that of the Tuang child in 1924, and that of Homo floresiensis, referred to as the Hobbit. Dean Falk, an expert on brain evolution, tells the enthralling story of the controversy, scientific, political and religious, which surrounded each of them, drawing on her own experience in working on the Hobbit. In comparing the two and in particular their brains, she aims to show that the Hobbit is indeed a new species of human, and one which has major implications for our understanding of human evolution.