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Former colonial powers have kept most of the objects in their custody. In the 1970s the Netherlands and Belgium returned objects to their former colonies Indonesia and DR Congo; but their number was considerably smaller than what had been asked for. Nigeria’s requests for the return of some Benin objects, confiscated by British soldiers in 1897, are rejected.
As there is no consensus on how to deal with colonial objects, disputes about other categories of contestable objects are analyzed. For Nazi-looted artworks the 1998 Washington Conference Principles have been widely accepted. Although non-binding, they promote fair and just solutions and help people to reclaim art works that they lost involuntarily.
To promote solutions for colonial objects, nine Principles for Dealing with Colonial Cultural and Historical Objects are presented, based on the Washington Conference Principles. The nine are part of a model to facilitate mediation in disputes about them. This model can help to break the impasse in negotiations between former colonizers and colonies.
Europe, the former colonizers, should do more pro-active provenance research into the acquisitions from the colonial era, both in public institutions and private collections.
“This is a very commendable treatise which has painstakingly and with detachment explored the emotive issue of the return of cultural objects removed in colonial times to the metropolis. He has looked at the issues from every continent with clarity and perspicuity.”
Prof. Folarin Shyllon (University of Ibadan)
“Momumentaal werk van hoge kwaliteit. Het hoofdstuk over Congo is bijzonder goed gedocumenteerd en leerrijk”
Dr. Guido Gryseels (Director-General of the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren)
CLUES is an international scientific series covering research in the field of culture, history and heritage which have been written by, or were performed under the supervision of members of the research institute CLUE+.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: A neglected issue in an evolving world
1.1. Decisive experiences:
1.2. Changes that matter
1.3. Main questions and approaches
Chapter 2: On colonial cultural objects
2.1. Return
2.2. Cultural objects
2.3. Typology of colonial cultural objects
2.3.1. Gifts to colonial administrators and institutions
2.3.2. Objects acquired during private expeditions
2.3.3. Objects acquired during military expeditions
2.3.4. Missionary collecting
2.3.5. Archives
Part II: Colonialism and cultural objects
Chapter 3: Colonial expansion
3.1. Early migration of objects to Europe
3.2. Meagre protection
Chapter 4: Settler and exploitation colonialism
4.1. Peak in migration of objects
4.2. Protection and preservation measures
Chapter 5: Decolonisation, the first claims and the ongoing seepage of objects
5.1. Whimsicalities in collecting
5.2. Early calls for return
5.3. Drain of cultural objects before and after independence
5.4. Decolonisation an unresolved conflict
Part III: Colonial cultural objects and the law
Chapter 6.: Increasing protection?
6.1. Hard law international instruments
6.2. Soft law international instruments
6.2.1. Instruments for the repatriation of human remains
6.2.2. Instruments for the restitution of Nazi-looted art
6.2.3. A human rights and a justice perspective
Part IV: Ambiguities between the Netherlands and Indonesia
Chapter 7: The 1975 Joint Recommendations
7.1. Cultural heritage policy until 1949
7.2. Negotiations between 1949 and 1975
7.3. Towards an agreement
7.4. Dynamics of the agreement’s implementation
Chapter 8: New insights into the Joint Recommendations
8.1. New research findings
8.2. The 1975 agreement: lessons for other bilateral negotiations
Part V: Approaches in other bilateral agreements
Chapter 9: The 1970 agreement between Belgium and Congo
9.1. Cultural policies up to independence
9.2. Deliberations and transfer of objects
Chapter 10: Nordic model for Denmark, Iceland and Greenland?
10.1. Scandinavian colonialism
10.2. Danish colonial collecting
10.3. Ancient sagas back to Iceland
10.4. Peculiar agreement with Greenland
Chapter 11: Melanesian model for Australia and Papua New Guinea?
11.1. Colonial collecting in Papua New Guinea
11.2. The process of return
Chapter 12.: The Benin Dialogue (2010 – ….)
12.1. Dispersal over Europe and North America
12.2. Prelude to the dialogue
12.3. The dialogue
12.4. Elements for the model
Part VI: New insights, a new approach
Chapter 13: The neglected effect of colonialism
13.1. Towards an overview of the colonial one-way traffic
13.2. Overview of returns so far
13.3. Returns and other categories of contested objects
Chapter 14: Model for negotiating the future of colonial cultural objects
14.1. The seven phases
14.2. The four general guidelines
Reviews & Quotes
"“Treasures in Trusted Hands is a pioneering study of a topic badly in need of international attention. Van Beurden writes about a dream of a round table with a colonial cultural object on top of it and its major stakeholders sitting around it; they are telling each other about their involvement with the cultural object in dispute. The material in the book hopefully will help to make the table steadier and less wobbly.”"
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""Impressively informed and informative, exceptionally thoughtful and thought-provoking, 'Treasures in Trusted Hands: Negotiating the Future of Colonial Cultural Objects' is a unique and highly recommended study that should be found in every community and academic library collection on the subject.""
Margaret Lane
Midwest Book Review
(August 2017)
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