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The first contacts between Greece, the Aegean and India are thought to have occurred at the beginning of the sixth century BC. There is now evidence of much earlier indirect connections, starting in the middle of the third millennium BC, but greatly diminishing after 1800 BC. These were initially between India with its Indus Civilisation (Meluḫḫa) and the Near East and then finally with the societies of the Early and Middle Bronze Age Aegean, with their slowly emerging palace-based economies and complex social structures. These connections point to a form of indirect or what might be called ‘trickle-down’ contact between the Aegean and India through objects, iconography and commodities, such as tin and lapis lazuli, that formed this contact.
This book views the Aegean as part of a greater trade network, that includes commodities as well as more recently discovered objects, which accumulated added value as they fi rst built up a distinguished pedigree of ownership in the Near East and Syro-Palestine. It was the natural extension of trade between the Near East and India. In the Early to Late Bronze Ages, India was an important resource for valuable and indispensable commodities destined for the elites and developing technologies of much of the Old World.
Finally, the period after the end of the Bronze Age to the time of Alexander the Great is examined and particularly after the sixth century, when Greeks were beginning to know about India. Within 200 years, India would be known to scholar and non-scholar alike, including those who witnessed the Persian invasions of Greece or who later became Macedonian and Greek foot soldiers marching east.
This book views the Aegean as part of a greater trade network, that includes commodities as well as more recently discovered objects, which accumulated added value as they fi rst built up a distinguished pedigree of ownership in the Near East and Syro-Palestine. It was the natural extension of trade between the Near East and India. In the Early to Late Bronze Ages, India was an important resource for valuable and indispensable commodities destined for the elites and developing technologies of much of the Old World.
Finally, the period after the end of the Bronze Age to the time of Alexander the Great is examined and particularly after the sixth century, when Greeks were beginning to know about India. Within 200 years, India would be known to scholar and non-scholar alike, including those who witnessed the Persian invasions of Greece or who later became Macedonian and Greek foot soldiers marching east.
Table of Contents
Summary
The Author
List of Table and Figures
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
Introduction
1. Prehistory: The Background
The Harappan CivilisationDiscoveryThe Decline of the HarappansTrade and Long Distance Exchange, Seafaring and CaravansOut of MeluḫḫaFarther WestwardsThe Harappans and EgyptIconographyWeights and Measures
2. Prehistory: The Evidence of Objects
Pottery KernoiSpiral Double Headed PinsCarnelian BeadsAgate Seals and BeadsFlat Disc Shaped BeadsOther BeadsBronzesPottery
3. Prehistory: The Evidence of Commodities
The Role of ShortughaiOrganic CommoditiesSpices and FoodstuffsWoodIvoryTextilesInorganic CommoditiesLapis Lazuli: An Indian commodityJadeGold: An Indian Commodity?Tin: Another Indian commodity
4. Prehistory: A Conclusion
Earlier WorkSummary of the Evidence
5. From the Iron Age to Alexander the Great
The Late Bronze Age to the Iron AgeTransitionFrom the Sixth Century BCGreeks in Ancient Sanskrit LiteratureEarly Geographers and HistoriansReligion and PhilosophyGreeks, Macedonians and their Legacy in India
Appendix 1. Indica of Ctesias of Cnidus
Bibliography
